ICSA Conference Handbook: 2007
Brussels, Belgium
June 29, 2007 - July 1,
2007
Titles and
Speakers
|
Titres et Conférenciers
|
A Fertile Ground for Cults: The Cognitive
and Social Roots of Cultic Thinking
Programs Against
Manipulation and Cults for Education: Results
and Prospects
Vladimir E.
Petukhov
Cults in Us and in Our
Midst: How to Change our Thinking to Undermine
Them
Yevgeniy N.
Volkov, Ph.D.
Ambiguous Loss: A Parent’s Perspective
Elisabeth Robbins
Analyse de contenu du texte
fondateur du mouvement raëlien
Céline Castillo
A Remarkable Consensus
Edward Lottick,
M.D.
Boundaries: Reestablishing Trust
Rosanne Henry, M.A., L.P.C.
Brainwashing and the Courts: A Review of
the Case Literature in the United States
Alan Scheflin,
J.D., LL.M.
Catholic Sects and the Catholic Church
Alberto Moncada,
Ph.D.
Child Sexual Abuse in Alternative
Religions: Is Secular Theory Adequate?
Stephen A. Kent,
Ph.D.
Children and Cults: Vulnerability to
Influence of Cults in Ukraine With Special
Attention to Orphans
Nataliya
Bezborodova
C.I.A.O.S.N. : une institution
fédérale d'information pour le public et d'avis
pour les autorités
Henri de Cordes
Coping with Triggers
Joseph Kelly;
Patrick Ryan
Creativity & Cults: The Impact of Cult
Involvement on Creativity
Miguel Perlado,
Dana Wehle, L.C.S.W.; Lorna Goldberg,
M.S.W., Moderator
Cultish Religious Sects and Politics: The Brethren V. Greens Contest
and Other Controversies Involving Minor
Religious Sects Down Under
Stephen Bruce
Mutch, Ph.D., LL.B. (UNSW)
Culture is Cult Writ Large: Cults,
Culture, Coercion, and Critical Theory
Matthew
Forester, ABD
Empirical Trends in Cultic Entrance and
Exit: Implications for Clinical Practice with
Cult Victims and Victims of Coercive Influence
Paul R. Martin,
Ph.D.; Lindsay Orchowski
Emprise et manipulation : Approche
clinique du phénomène sectaire
Jean-Claude Maes
Ethics and Proselytism: Between Psychology
and Law
Psychology and the
Ethics of Religious Persuasion
Vassilis
Saroglou
Beyond the
Normality–Pathology Debate Among NRM Members:
Open-vs. Close-mindedness in Social and Moral
aspects
Coralie Buxant
Law and Psychology:
New Interdisciplinarity for Balancing Legal
Accountability for Abuses in Religious
Advertising and Proselytism
Louis-Léon
Christians
Every Nation Churches and Ministries:
Maranatha Reformed or Reborn?
Bridget M.
Jacobs, M.A.
Ex-Member Orientation
Carol Giambalvo
Ex-Member Debriefing Session
Carol Giambalvo
Exploring Individuals’ Prior Metaphysical
or Spiritual Experience and its Role in the
Making of a Seeker
Jean Paul Healy
Family System Dynamics Where at Least one
Parent is Involved in a High-Demand Group: A
Case Study
Rienie Venter,
Ph.D.
Fonction parentale et attitudes
éducatives dans des groupes considérés sectaires
par la réaction sociale
Jean-Yves
Radigois
Forgiveness as a Clinical Issue in Cult
Recovery
Joyce Martella;
Michael Martella
GMP et sociadicciones.
Similitude et différences. Casuistique.
Symptômes essentiels. Moment actuel
Josep M. Jansà,
M.D.; Vega González
Groupe en crise: Analyse de
l’identité sociale d’un groupe de mormons
fondamentalistes canadiens
Marie-Andrée
Pelland, Ph.D.; Dianne Casoni, Ph.D.
Hijacking the Global Multicultural
Conversation: Cultic/high-Demand Group Dynamics
and Current Events
Russell Bradshaw, Ed.D.
How Memory Illusions and False Memories
are Influenced by Social Expectations in the
Real World
Tor
Endestad, Ph.D.; Cathrine Moestue, Ph.D.
How to be Helpful: The Importance of
Information
Joseph Kelly;
Patrick Ryan; Amanda van Eck Duymaer van Twist
Human Rights Dimensions of Cultic Studies:
Thinking Outside the Box
Jorge Erdely
Graham, Ph.D.
INFORM -
L'importance de l'information
Amanda van Eck Duymaer van Twist
In Times of Crisis: Analysis
of the Social Identity of a Group of Canadian
Fundamentalist Mormons
Marie-Andrée Pelland, Ph.D.;
Dianne Casoni, Ph.D.
Introduction to the Conference/Introduction
à
la congrès
Philip
Elberg, Esq.
Michael Langone, Ph.D.
Maître Carolle Tremblay
Michael Kropveld
Issues for Therapists Working with
Families Where a Loved One is Experiencing Undue
Influence
Linda
Dubrow-Marshall, Ph.D.
Le poids des doctrines dans les
« massacres » de l’OTS. Commentaires des suites
juridiques
Maître
Jean-Pierre Jougla
Les Dérives sectaires : aspects
juridiques
Mme Catherine
Katz
Les droits fondamentaux de
l’enfant
Maître
Carolle Tremblay
Les mouvements russes radicaux
pseudo-chrétiens
des siècles
XVII-XX et le degré de leur influence sur les
cultes destructifs de la Russie moderne
Vladimir
Solodovnikov, Ph.D.
Les sectes en France
Catherine Picard
Les sectes et les N.M.R. en
Roumanie – droit de l`homme ou prosélytisme
Laurentiu Tanase, Ph.D.
Manipulé ou sain d’esprit?
Hervé Genge,
Ph.D.
Mechanisms of the Authoritarian Grind
Nori Muster,
Coordinator; Steven Gelberg; Lorna Goldberg,
M.S.W.
Méthodologie: références et
critique des sources
Eric Brasseur
“Miracle of Love®” - A Blend of LGAT,
Pseudo-therapy, and Spirituality
Milena
Callovini; Sjoukje Drenth Bruintjes;
Gina Catena
Ole Anthony, the Trinity Foundation and
the Cult Controversy
David Clark
On Activities of Non-traditional Religious
and Mystical Trends in Ukraine
Victoria G.
Tretyakova, Ph.D.
Paranormal Experiences, Recruitment, and
the Religious Marketplace
Frauke
Zahradnik, Ph.D.
Peer Supervision for Mental Health
Professionals
Lorna Goldberg,
M.S.W., L.C.S.W.
Persuasion in Manipulative Techniques Used
by Cultic Groups
Dariusz Krok,
Ph.D.
Phoenix Project: Ex-Member Art and
Literary Works
Diana Pletts
Politique française de lutte en
matière de Dérives sectaires
Jean-Michel
Roulet
Post-Cultic Regret: More Subtle Than It
May Seem
Benjamin
Zablocki, Ph.D.
Post-Soviet Russian Society and the Cult
Problem
Lubov Zholudeva
Psychological Abuse in Manipulative
Groups: Research in Japan, Poland, and Spain,
Parts I and II
Carmen Almendros, Ph.D., Coordinator; José
Antonio Carrobles, Ph.D.; Dariusz Kuncewicz,
Ph.D.; Javier Martín-Peña, M.A.; Kimiaki
Nishida, Ph.D.; Piotr Tomasz Nowakowski, Ph.D.;
Belén Ordoñez, M.A.
A Cross-Cultural Study
on the Comparison of Group Health Beliefs among
Eastern and Western Countries: The Framework of
GHS and the Preliminary Study
Kimiaki Nishida,
Ph.D., Kazuho Yamaura, Ph.D.; Namiji Watanabe,
Ph.D.; Takashi Kakuyama, Ph.D.
Development of a
Measure of Psychological Abuse in Manipulative
Groups
Alvaro
Rodríguez-Carballeira, Ph.D.; Carmen Almendros,
Ph.D.; Javier Martin-Peña; Jordi Escartín; Clara
Porrúa; José Manuel Cornejo, Ph.D.; Federico
Javaloy, Ph.D.; José Antonio Carrobles, Ph.D.
Comparison of
Psychological Abuse Strategies in Manipulative
Groups and Couple Violence
José A.
Carrobles, Ph.D.; Álvaro Rodríguez-Carballeira,
Ph.D.; Carmen Almendros, Ph.D.; Clara Porrúa;
Javier Martin-Peña; Jordi Escartín; Neus Roca,
Ph.D.; Bienvenido Visauta, Ph.D.
Violence against Women
Belen Ordoñez,
M.A.; José A. Carrobles, Ph.D.; Carmen
Almendros, Ph.D.
Comprehensive model of
recruitment to cults
Piotr Tomasz
Nowakowski, Ph.D.
The Identity of Sect
Members in the Narrative Aspect
Dariusz
Kuncewicz, Ph.D.
Psychological Manipulation in Black
Churches and Mosques
Ja A. Jahannes,
Ph.D.; Davida
Harris.; and Kristen Bowen
Psychotherapy and Brainwashing: When Due
Influence Becomes Undue Influence
Edward J.
Frischholz, Ph.D.
Responding to Jihadism: A Cultic Studies
Perspective
Michael D.
Langone, Ph.D.
Results from a Survey of Ukrainian Public
Opinion Concerning Non-Traditional Religions
Olena
Lishchynska, Ph.D.
Scholarly Teaching on Cults: A Panel
Discussion
Linda J.
Demaine, J.D., Ph.D., Coordinator; Carmen
Almendros, Ph.D.; Josep Jansa, M.D.; Edward
Lottick, M.D.
Purpose of the Panel
Linda J.
Demaine, J.D., Ph.D.
Cults Teaching
Experience in AIS
Josep M Jansà,
M.D.; Miguel Perlado; Vega González
Teaching University
Students on Cults
Carmen
Almendros, Ph.D.; Alvaro Rodríguez-Carballeira,
Ph.D.; Jose A Carrobles, Ph.D.
American Cults
Edward Lottick, M.D.
Situations Concerning Controversial Groups
in Japan
Masaki Kito,
Esq. Hiroshi Yamaguchi, Esq. Takashi Yamaguchi,
Esq.
Society for Scientific Spirituality
"SANATAN": Doctrines, Terrorist Teachings, and
Psycho-Manipulative Practices
Zoran Lukovic;
Andrej Protic
Solitary Confinement – Survival and
Recovery
Arthur Buchman,
M.A.
Special Session for Born or Raised (Second
Generation)
Michael
Martella, Joyce Martella
Structural Dissociation, Neuroscience, and
Pseudopersonality in Cults
Gillie Jenkinson
Südwest Network: Helping People Affected
by Cultic Groups
Inge Mamay; Otto
Lomb; Frauke Zahradnik
Terrorist Motivations, Extreme Violence,
and the
Pursuit of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)
Major Jaime
Gomez, Jr.
The Brainwashing Concept –
Is It Passé?
Janja Lalich,
Ph.D., Coordinator; Stephen Kent, Ph.D.;
Benjamin Zablocki, Ph.D.
The Phenomenon of Sectarianism in Pakistan
Ana Ballesteros
Peiró, María Jesús Martín López, Ph.D., José
Manuel Martínez García, Ph.D.
The Production and Consumption of
Political Leader Cults: The Case of Post-Soviet
Turkmenistan
Dr. Michael
Denison
The Role of RIGHT in Opposing Spiritual
Abuse in High-Demand Religious Groups in South
Africa
Dr Stephan
Pretorius
Understanding Cultic and Totalistic
Identities – Insights and Directions for the
Future from Developments in Social Psychological
Theory and Research
Rod
Dubrow-Marshall, Ph.D.
Understanding the Self-Concept of Youthful
Cult Members
Ilia Shmelev
Vie et déclin d'une communauté
sur les marges de l'évangélisme
Jean-François Mayer, Ph.D.
Workshop for Mental-Health Professionals
Rosanne Henry,
M.A., L.P.C.
Abstracts / Résumés
A
Fertile Ground for Cults: The Cognitive and
Social Roots of Cultic Thinking
Vladimir E. Petukhov
The reporter comments
on the worrying trends that have been noticed in
Russian and Ukrainian systems of education, when
local and federal administrative boards directly
or indirectly provide increasing support for
different cultic organizations to set up and
develop recruiting activities under a mask of
educational courses. Cultic ideologies and
technologies are now widely spread as the true
drive of various “scientific research programs,”
“social assistance,” and “informational
experimentation” activities.
Certain courses
claiming to be socially approved programs (such
as AIDS prevention or an anti-drug campaign) de
facto present cultic methods, ideology and
dogmas and are then introduced into curricula,
thereby avoiding the scrutiny of state and
regional governments. During the time meant to
be spent for normal education, the
representatives of cults preach, recruit, and
distribute specific papers and books among the
students and the teachers.
The main reason that
such cults’ thrive is the general educational
staff’s social and psychological illiteracy and
a lack of awareness of the mechanisms of
indoctrination and cultic influence. This paper
argues that a broad-scale national educational
and training program is needed to counter the
power of cults.
The reporter proposes
such a preventive program, involving both
students and staff, to decrease the negative
impact of such cultic activities. The program
includes psycho diagnostics, lecturing,
training, counseling, and organizing panel
talks.
Yevgeniy N. Volkov, Ph.D.
In the report the
author presents the findings and the conclusion
of his 12-year-long research, counseling, and
teaching on the problems of destructive cults.
He claims he has found the ultimate reasons of
cultic success in recruiting many thousands and
millions of adepts.
The author believes
that the problem of cults cannot be correctly
understood and solved until it is re-stated as
the problem of certain gaps in socialization and
education peculiar even to the most progressive
countries. The problem is restated as follows:
what are the ultimate omni-cultural specific
traits of social perception and thinking,
fostered by family, school, and university
education and more widely by whole society,
which create and support a fertile ground for
cults? What aspects of thinking and behavior
peculiar to an average educated person almost
inevitably drive him/her to this or that form of
cultism, dogmatism and absurd thinking?
The report outlines
the preconditions for sects and psycho-cults to
appear and spread through modern society. The
root of the problem is seen as modern culture’s
inability to nurture and propagate critical and
scientific thinking. Common thinking as opposed
to the last is described as a favorable ground
for irrational cultic thinking.
The reporter believes
that in order to overcome a sect’s negative
impact the utmost objective for taking
preventive measures and rehabilitation is to
form and strengthen rational and critical
thinking. This requires considerable changes
throughout the systems of education and
upbringing for people of all ages. The reporter
suggests certain pedagogical and educational
measures that should provide a dramatic decrease
in the destructive impact of sects and
psycho-cults. Besides, he comments on the
peculiarities of the rational-cognitive
counseling.
The paper presents a
theoretical model of thinking based on the
concept of critical rationalism and corroborated
by the examples from the author’s experience as
well as by the most recent findings in social
science and fundamental social theory.
Ambiguous Loss: A Parent’s Perspective
Elisabeth Robbins
Persons who lose a
loved one into the world of a cult experience a
complex sense of loss. In ways it is like a
death, yet it obviously is not. The cult member
is in most cases known to be alive, but even
when cult members continue to be physically
present, living outside the group, they are in a
real sense “gone.” Because there is little
understanding of the facets of such a loss, our
culture lacks social models for appropriate
grieving, and social support can be difficult to
secure. Many therapists and counselors, even
those specializing in family dynamics, will not
be able to relate to the family’s peculiar
loss. Without a framework to understand their
own experience, and without internal or external
permission to grieve, family members themselves
can become caught in unresolved loss.
Using Pauline Boss’s
model of Ambiguous Loss, this paper will analyze
the various ways in which the family of the cult
member experiences loss both similar to and
different from other types of ambiguous loss.
These include ambiguity about process, cognitive
ambiguity, emotional ambiguity, ambiguity about
how to act, and ambiguity about the place of the
cult member in the family.
1.
Ambiguity about process,
about what is actually happening, what is the
real situation.
2.
Cognitive ambiguity
about how to think about what has happened, how
to make sense of it, how to compose a meaningful
narrative.
3.
Emotional ambiguity,
not just the mixed emotions natural to all times
of stress and change but lack of clarity about
what emotions apply to or fit the situation.
Ambiguous thoughts lead to ambiguous emotions.
4.
Ambiguity about how to act,
what to do, whether to do anything, in response
to the situation.
5.
Place
in the family.
Physically absent, is the cult member still
psychologically present? In what way? For how
long? How does the family regroup and go on?
Analyse de contenu du texte
fondateur du mouvement raëlien
Céline
Castillo
Comme l’ont
maintes fois démontré l’ethnologie,
l’anthropologie et la sociologie, tout groupe
d’appartenance quel qu’il soit s’allie autour
d’un événement, d’une histoire passée ou à
construire, d’une idéologie ou d’un totem
communs. C’est-à-dire, un élément rassembleur
qui est à la fois investi d’une force
représentative mais qui agit aussi comme témoin
d’une trace.
Dans ce
domaine, le mouvement raëlien ne fait pas
exception. Bien que souvent suggérée dans des
romans de littérature ou encore dans des
scénarii cinématographiques, son idéologie
concernant la présence de l’être humain sur
terre reste pour le moins originale futuriste et
constitue la pierre angulaire de la cohésion
groupale. Cette vision s’oppose au darwinisme et
au créationnisme, de même qu’elle s’inscrit dans
un courant que les raëliens nomment raëlisme (du
nom même de son fondateur). Qui plus est,
l’idéologie raëlienne réfère directement au
livre écrit par Raël. Celui-ci se veut à la fois
être le témoignage de la rencontre de Raël avec
les Elhoïms, mais aussi un outil de référence et
d’information pour quiconque s’intéresse à
l’origine de la vie sur terre. En effet, au
travers d’une relecture des écrits des 3 grandes
Religions du livre, il donne une explication qui
lui est propre de l’existence terrestre de
l’être humain et de tout autre organisme vivant.
La présente
communication s’inscrit dans le cadre d’un
projet de recherche portant sur une étude
psychodynamique de l’appartenance groupale. Dans
cette perspective, nous nous proposons donc
d’exposer les premiers éléments de cette
recherche en présentant dans un premier temps
les grandes lignes de l’idéologie raélienne
telle que présentée dans le texte rédigé par le
leader lui-même et qui s’intitule « le message
dont parlent les extraterrestre ». Ensuite, nous
ferons un rapport sur les résultats de son
analyse pour finalement essayer de les mettre en
perspective en fonction de la structure du
groupe, de son fonctionnement, de sa dynamique,
etc.... Pour ce faire nous nous baserons
essentiellement sur les travaux de Didier Anzieu
et de René Kaës concernant la dynamique des
groupes que nous articulerons aux écrits plus
spécifiques concernant l’aliénation sectaire.
Tout ceci
nous permettra d’amorcer une réflexion sur la
croyance et les éléments sous-jacents pouvant
entrer en ligne de compte dans l’adhésion
groupale.
Bibliographie
Campiche,
R. J.(1995) Une secte c’est quoi ?, Quand les
sectes affolent. Ordre du temple solaire, médias
et fin de millénaire, pp37-64, Labor et Fidès,
Lausanne.
Champion, F
(1993) La croyance en l’alliance de la science
et de la religion, dans archives des sciences
sociales des religions, Paris.
De
Mijolla-Mellor, S. (2004) Le besoin de croire :
Métapsychologie du fait religieux, Dunod, Paris.
Gayon, J.
Jacobi. D. (2006) L’éternel retour de
l’eugénisme, PUF, Paris.
Luca, N. &
Lenoir, F. (1998) Les sectes : mensonges et
idéaux, Bayard Editions, Mayenne.
Mayer, J.
F. (2001) Les sectes : question de recherche
scientifique ou problème de sécurité civile ?
dans La peur des sectes, Fidès, Montréal
Mc Cann, B,
& Poirier, C. (2003) Raël, journal d’une
infiltrée. Editions Stanké.
Paillé, P &
Mucchielli, A. (2003) L’analyse qualitative en
sciences humaines et sociales, Armand Colin,
Raël (1973)
Le message des extraterrestres. Le vrai visage
de Dieu.
http://www.mouvementraelien.org/
Roy, J. Y.
(1998) Le syndrôme du berger : Essai sur les
dogmatiques contemporains, Editions Boréal,
Montréal.
Trigano, S.
(2001) Qu’est ce que la religion ?, Flammarion,
Manchecourt.
Willaime,
J. P. (1999) Les définitions sociologiques de la
secte, pp 21-46, dans Les sectes et le droit en
France, PUF, Paris.
http://www.mouvementraelien.org/
A
Remarkable Consensus
Edward Lottick, M.D.
Factual data
summarized as follows, plus inferences and
insights from the 2004 King's College survey of
approximately 3000 Pennsylvania psychology
professionals regarding destructive cults will
be discussed along with some associated topics.
Data: 700 psychology
professionals, a 23.5% return, responded to an
extensive survey of the approximately 3,000
membership of the Pennsylvania Psychological
Association. Over half of the respondents
reported on professional and/or personal
experience with present or former cult members.
Of those so reporting, over two-thirds indicated
that psychological symptoms being treated were
directly resulting from current or antecedent
cult involvement. Fully half of the
psychologists (350) were subjected to
retaliation by the cult for their therapeutic
efforts despite the fact that the reasons for
such treatments were a host of mental health
problems, such as depression, anxiety,
dissociation, suicide attempts and even
completed suicides and their ramifications. It
is not surprising that 57%* of all responding
psychologists align with those favoring
legislation limiting destructive cult leaders
and their abusive practices (mental and/or
physical constraint, deceptive and highly
contrived mental manipulation, and extremely
destabilizing "attack-on-the-self"
brainwashing).
The problem is vast in
scope. Of special importance will be a
discussion of where our survey or similar
surveys might be utilized in other U. S. states
and other countries. Conference attendee
comments are encouraged.
*Psychologist
tabulation on survey question regarding "law on
brainwashing for Pennsylvania:" "Strongly
support" 21% "Support" 36% "Can't say" 29%
"Oppose" 10% "Strongly oppose" 4%
Boundaries: Reestablishing Trust
Rosanne Henry, M.A., L.P.C.
People exit cults confused about their own
identities and how to relate to others in the
mainstream culture. Identity issues stem from
the diffuse or excessively blurred boundaries
within cult systems. Just like enmeshed
families, cultists and their leadership become
over-concerned and over-involved in each others’
lives. This pressures members to quickly adapt
to the cult environment and promotes
cohesiveness at the expense of autonomy.
Connection to the larger culture is limited
because of the rigid boundaries legislated by
cult leadership. Separating cultists from the
world as well as their families helps leaders
remold recruits more efficiently and control
most of their relationships.
Once recruits become committed members, cult
leaders often use shame to ensure their
obedience and loyalty. Cults operate like
shame-bound families with rules that demand
control, perfectionism, blame and denial. During
the workshop abusive cult interactions are
plotted on a shame control model to contrast and
compare cults with abusive families.
Family rules are discussed and the alternative
to shame-bound systems, i.e., respectful
systems, is introduced. The zipper metaphor is
used to describe how boundaries protect the
intellectual, emotional and physical self.
Participants learn that once boundaries are
established, an identity is formed and
self-trust increases.
Brainwashing and the Courts: A Review of the
Case Literature in the United States
Alan Scheflin, J.D., LL.M.
Case literature pertinent to brainwashing in
U.S. courts will be reviewed and analyzed with a
view toward assessing the current and likely
future status of the concept of brainwashing
within the legal system.
Catholic Sects and the Catholic Church
Alberto Moncada, Ph.D.
Catholic
groups like Opus Dei and Legionaries of Christ
have been growing during the past fifty years,
especially during the Pontificate of John Paul
II, who was helped by them in the two main
objectives of his Pontificate: political action
and doctrinal fundamentalism.
These
groups have developed a sectarian character that
denies human rights to their members. Yet the
Vatican has refused to face such charges. Only
recently has the Pope taken soft action against
one of the most controversial leaders of an
organization, Marciel Maciel, founder of the
Legion of Christ.
The
sectarian character of one of these groups, Opus
Dei, has been documented mainly by former
members and has received some publicity because
of the novel and movie, “The Da Vinci Code.”
Some of
these sectarian traits can be traced to the
Catholic tradition of religious life, which
incorporated a sort of individual denial and
internal control by the superiors, taken out of
its normal context and applied to laymen working
in civil society.
Child Sexual Abuse in Alternative Religions: Is
Secular Theory Adequate?
Stephen A. Kent, Ph.D.
In this presentation I
compare numerous examples of child sexual abuse
in over a hundred alternative religious groups
with existing literature about abuse that has
emerged primarily out of examples from secular
settings. Many of the religious examples extend
existing child abuse theory, especially around
issues of causation and social setting.
Moreover, by examining some alternative
religions as if they were abusive families, we
see that deviant theologies actually can cause
forms of situational pedophilia.
Children and Cults: Vulnerability to Influence
of Cults in Ukraine With Special Attention to
Orphans
Nataliya Bezborodova
This paper addresses
the following issues:
·
Children’s rights and children’s need for
protection against deleterious cultic
influences.
·
Individual vulnerability arising from
psychological addictions.
·
Reasons
why orphans require more attention than children
having parents and relatives.
·
The
vulnerability of the Ukrainian educational
system to cultic influences.
·
Legislative deficiencies and possibilities. | 
